Cable-telegraphy.



No. 876,886. PATENTED JAN. 14, 1908.

' I. KITSEE.

CABLE TELEGRAPHY.

APPLICATION FILED MAR. s, 1906.

- z SHEETS-SHEET 1.

WITNESSES: iW/ZNVENTOR ms PETERS c0, WASIINCTON. n. c

No. 876,886. PATENTED JAN. 14, 1908.

I. KITSEB.

CABLE TBLEGRAPHY.

APPLIOATION FILED MAR. 3, 1906.

5 cu WASHINGTON, 11 c,

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

ISIDOR KITSEE, OF PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA, ASSIGNOR OF ONE-HALF TOWILLIAM J. LAITA, OF PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA.

CABLE TELEGRAPHY.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Jan. 14, 1908.

Application filed March 3. 1906- Serial No. 304.033-

T 0 all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, Isrnon KITSEE, citizen of the. United States,residing at Philadelphia, in the county of Philadelphia and State ofPennsylvania, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in CableTelegraphy, of which the following is a specification.

My invention relates to an improvement in relaying or translating truereversals impressed upon lines of comparative large capacity.

The peculiar condition of lines with great capacity, such for instanceas submarine cables, made it necessary to telegraph with the so-calleddouble key, whereby through the depression of one lever a positiveimpulse and through the depression of the other lever a negative impulseis sent over the line. In this system, a dot is represented by animpulse of one polarity, say a negative, and a dash by an impulse ofopposite polarity, say

a positive. With this arrangement telegraphing over submarine cables wasmade possible but in practice, it was soon found that whereas suchletters as A, N and R, (Continental Morse) could be transmitted at agreat speed and received plain and dis tinct, because in these lettersdots and dashes alternate and, therefore, a negative impulse alwaysfollows a positive, or vice versa, in the transmission of letters suchas H, M, O, etc., the speed had to be decreased, so as to allow thecable to discharge itself and the received record was indistinct andrequired expert training to be deciphered, for the reason that in suchletterstwo or more dots or two or more dashes follow each other,necessitating the transmission of two or more impulses of positive, ortwo or more impulses of negative polarity in succession.

To obviate this difficulty, to be enabled to transmit, what I call, truereversals, that is, impulses of substantially the same duration andintensity, but alternately of opposite polarity, to relay the same andtranslate the same into dots and dashes is the aim of my invention.

It is also the aim of my invention to so arrange the receiving deviceswith the relaying circuit, that the feeble currents transmitted over theline shall be enabled to operate the translating or relaying deviceunder the severest conditions.

carefully tested. In some experiments, in which such true reversals weretransmitted from Penzance, England, over the transatlantic cable toOanso, Nova Scotia, it was found that whereas such letters as H and Orequired a certain time unit and were recorded with the aid of thesiphon in uneven curves hardly distinguishable, true reversalstransmitted at a greater speed were recorded in curves alike indimension and clearly distinguishable each from the other. It was alsofound that, whereas in the telegraphing of such letters as abovementioned, the zero of the instrument shifted, no shifting of the zerowas ascertainable as long as true reversals were impressed upon theline.

In telegraphing over submarine cables, the insertion of a condenser atthe transmitting station near the source of current was also found to beof great advantage, but when it was attempted to relay the impulsesimpressed upon the line through the condenser, it was found that theseimpulses are of such a short duration, that the making of a. circuitthrough the contacting of the movable part of a receiving device,provided with a center or zero position,-was not'always productive ofgood results. The reason for this behavior lies in the fact that theimpulse due to the charge of the condenser is capable of moving thearmature or other movable part of the receiver from its zero position,but is not of a long enough duration and strength,

so as to press long enough with the required strength on the stationarycontact point to actuate an electromagnetic device placed in thelocalized circuit. To over-come this difficulty, I have recourse to anarrangement,

In the drawings, Figure 1 is a diagrammatic view of the receivingapparatus forming part of the hereindescribed invention. Fig. 2 is asimilar view of the transmitting I apparatus.

I have not illustrated any particular form of a receiving device, forthe reason that any polarized relay, made sensitive enough for theoccasion and provided with a center or zero position, such for instanceas a slightly altered Siemens relay or the siphon recorder itself, maybe employed and I have only illustrated the movable part of such adevice The great advantage of true reversals was and this movable partis only illustrated as contacts.

mature 14 pivoted at 15.

a common armature, it being understood that the ordinary shape of thearmature may be altered to suit requirements, and if the siphon recorderof to-day is employed, the siphon proper may be substituted for thisarmature provided that this siphon is made conducting by being coatedwith a metal, or by being made out of any of the well-known conductingmaterials.

The drawing illustrates in diagrammatic view the armatures or othermovable parts of two receiving devices and the preferred method ofconnecting the same to a localized circuit including a translatingdevice, it being understood that this translating device may consist ofa sounder or recorder, or may be provided with contact points, so as torelay the received impulses to a second circuit. In the drawing, thesecontact points are omitted, as it is well known to persons versed in theart how to place the same and operate through such placement a secondcircuit.

In the drawing, 1 designates the movable part of one receiving deviceand 2 designates the movable part of the second receiving device, bothat their zero position; 3 designates the stationary contact of 1 and 4the stationary contact of 2.-

3 is connected through Wire 12 with the.

coil of electromagnet 11 and 4 is connected through wire 13 with thecoil of electromagnet 10. The free terminals of these electromagnets arejoined by wire 9. To these wires are connected through wire 8, thebattery 7 with one pole and the other pole of this battery is connectedthrough Wire 6 to wire 5; the wire 5 being the connecting link betweenthe armatures 1 and 2.

Normally, that is, when the line is idle, each of the armatures 1 and 2are at their normal or zero position and in this position they connectwith their respective stationary Two circuits are, therefore,established; one circuit embracing the ele ments and wires 1, 3, 12,coil of electromagnet 11, part of wire 9, 8, battery 7, 6, and part ofwire 5. The second circuit embraces the elements and wires 2, 4, 13,coil of electromagnet 10, part of wire 9, 8, battery 7, 6, and part ofwire 5. Both of these electromagnets are provided with the common ar-The coils of electromagnets 10 and 11 are of equal resistance and havean equal magnetizing effect on their cores and as all other parts of thecircuits are also of equal resistance, it is obvious that the armature14, when brought with one end nearly to 11 or with the other end nearlyto 10, will remain there as long as the resistance of the two circuitsremains equal, that is, as lon as the balance of these circuits is notdistur ed.

It is now supposed that an impulse flowing in the direction of theunfeathered arrow will move the armature 1, so as to break the contactwith 3 and the armature 2, so as to make stronger the contact with 4;then the balance between the two circuits will be destroyed and as theelectromagnet 10 will be energized in greater proportion than theelectromagnet 11, the armature 14 will be pulled down with the right endtowards electromagnet 10. When this impulse ceases, armature 1 willregain its zero position and, therefore, connect with 3 in the samemanner as the armature 2 remained connected to 4. The bal ance betweenthe two circuits 12 and 13 will, therefore, be reestablished and as noother force is present to remove-the armature 14 from its assumedposition, this armature will remain in this position till an oppositeforce removes it therefrom.

It is now supposed that an impulse in the direction of the featheredarrow is flowing over the line and, therefore, through the coils ofarmatures 1 and 2 and that this impulse will move armature 2 in adirection, so as to break its contact with 4 and will move armature 1 ina direction, so as to make stronger its contact with 3. The balancebetween the circuits 12 and 13 will again be destroyed and at this timethe electromagnet 11 will be highly magnetized and electromagnet 10 loseall or part of its magnetism, then' the armature 14 will change itsformer position and its left hand end will come to rest at or neaelectromagnet 11.

It is now supposed that the impulse in the direction of the featheredarrow represents a positive impulse and that the same will actuate thearmatures as stated above. It is also supposed that the telegraphing ofcharacters is only accomplished by impressing positive impulses over theline and that after each positive impulse a clearing impulse is sentover the line and that this clearing impulse is in the direction of theunfeathered arrow and of a negative polarity; The operator intransmitting a dot impresses upon the line a positive impulse, and'afterone unit of time a negative impulse and if he desires to transmit adash, he impresses upon the line a positive impulse and after threeunits of time a negative impulse. with its armature 14 acting in thesame manner as a polarized relay, withoutany center or zero position,would act.

I have described and illustrated the local circuit as to consist of twoseparate circuits and the localized device as to consist of twoelectromagnets provided with a common armature, but it is obvious thatthis part of the arrangement may differ to suit requirements. The mainand underlying principle 5 of my invention necessitates only tworeceiving devices, their armature or other movable part normally restingon a conductor, the armature and conductor forming part of a localcircuit and that through the breaking away The device '10 and 11 115,

of the armature, the localized device acting as the translating device,should be operated in a manner, so as to give the receiving operatornotice of the kind of character transmit ted by the transmittingoperator.

Under a center or zero position, I understand the position normallyassumed by the armature of the receiving device. Usually, this positionis in the center between two contact points, but as I only employ onecontact point, this zero position is not necessarily the real center andthe means to return the armature always to the same position may bemechanical, electrical, or magnetic in their action. The armature may beprovided, as the siphon is to-day, with a small weight, for the purposeof centering the same, or if the device is a polarized relay, such as aSiemens, one of the pole pieces may be brought nearer to the armaturethan the other.

It is now necessary for me to show one arrangement with the aid of whichtrue reversals may be impressed upon the line of transmission. In Fig.2, I have illustrated such arrangement in diagrammatic view. In thisfigure, 16 and 17 are two sources of current; the source 16 here shownas to consist of four cells and the source 17 as to consist of twocells. The two sources of current are in opposition as to each other.The source 16 is provided with a shunt embracing the wires 18 and 19and'connected to the shunt is the resistance 20 and the key 21. One poleof the source 16, here shown as the positive pole, is connected with theinterposition of the switch 22 with the condenser 23; and one pole ofthe source 17, here also shown as the positive, is connected with thecondenser 24. The other pole of the condenser 23 is connected with thecoil of electromagnet 25 and the other pole of condenser 24 is connectedwith the coil of electromagnet 26. Electromagnet 25 is provided witharmature 27 .each other through wire 35.

resting normally on contact 28. This armature is connected, preferablywith the resistance 29 as illustrated, to one pole of the source ofcurrent 30, here shown as the positive pole; the negative pole beingconnected to ground 40. Electromagnet 26 is provided with armature 31normally resting on contact 32 and is connected with the interpositionof resistance 33 to one pole, here shown as the negative pole of thesource 34 grounded at 40. Contacts 28 and 32 are connected with Thiswire is connected to the line of transmission 36.

The armatures 27 and 31 are polarized, but of a polarity opposite fromeach other, so that if a current in one direction will operate one ofthese armatures, the other armature will remain inoperative and viceversa. The operation of this device is as follows: Normally, that is,when the switch is open, a short circuit is established for thebatteries 30 and 34, consisting of the ground 40, re-

sistance 33, armature 31, contact 32, wire 35, contact 28, armature 27and resistance 29. No current will, therefore, flow over the line 36.Should the operator desire to transmit messages, he, first of all,closes the switch and through the closing of this switch, an impulsewill flow from battery 16 in the direc tion of the unfeathered arrow,through the localized circuit charging both of the condensers andenergizing both eletromagnets,

thus for the reason that the battery 16 consists of a greater number ofcells than the battery 17. It is supposed that through this impulse, thearmature 31 will be drawn towards its electromagnet 26. This operationdisconnects the battery 34 from wire 35 and, therefore, line 36. Theshort circuit of the battery 30 is, therefore broken and a current willflow from this battery through part of wire 35 over the line 36. But asthrough the interposition of the condensers in the localized circuit,the flow of the current from battery 16 will be only a momentary one,that is, till the condensers are charged, the electromagnets will, assoon as the currentflow ceases, be deenergized and the armature 31(impelled either by gravity or other means) will return to its normalposition and connect again with point 32, whereby a short circuit isagain established for battery 30 and the flow of the current over theline will cease. In transmitting messages, in accordance with the .Morsealphabet, the operator now operates his key in the usual manner, thatis, he depresses the key for a short period to denote a dot and for alonger period to denote a dash and he allows the key to be opened for ashort period to denote a short space and for a longer period to denote alonger space: Through the closing of the key, the battery 16 is shortcircuited. An impulse will, therefore, flow over the localized circuitin the direction of the feathered arrow. This impulse will charge thecondensers in the opposite direction from the former impulse. Bothelectromagnets will again be energized, but with the reverse polarity.Through this change in polarity, the armature 31 will remaininoperative,.but the armature 27 of the electromagnet 25 will be drawntowards the same and away from its contact 28. This will break theconnection of the battery 30 and the current from battery 34 will nowflow over the line 36, but in a direction opposite from the former flowof battery 30. i It is supposed that this flow of current is, what maybe called, the signaling current and that the former flow is, what Icall, the clearing current. As long as the key remains depressed, theelectrical condition of the localized circuit and the line attachedthereto, will remain stationary, but as soon as the key is opened, areversed current will flow over the localized circuit, thereby againmaking operativethe first armature and sending an impulse over the lineopposite from the last impulse.

In conjunction with the receiving device, as illustrated in Fig. 1, theresulting effect is as follows; When the key is depressed, a momentaryimpulse will flow over the line in a direction which opens one or theother of the armatures of the receiving devices and through thisopening, the armature 14 will be actuated in a manner, so as to informthe receiving operator that a signaling impulse is sent over the line.Should the key remain depressed'only for a short time, then a reversedcurrent will quickly follow the signaling current, thereby opening thearmature of the other receiving device and operating the armature of 14.This will be an explanation to the receiving operator that a dot is sentover the line, but when the key is depressed for a longer time, then alonger period will elapse before the armature, once drawn at one point,will again be drawn towards the other point and the operator willreadily distinguish, in the same manner as the operator to-daydistinguishes, between a dot and a dash, for it is supposed that if thedevice 10, 11, 14 should only act as a translating device, the same mayrepresent a sounder having the spring removed and instead of said springan electromagnet may be employed.

To persons versed in the art, the mode of transmitting as Well asreceiving will now be clear. It suflices to say that through thearrangement of the transmitting device, the impulses sent over the linewill be very short, but will always be of the same duration andintensity and as the same are alternately of opposite polarity, they arein reality true reversalsj All the operators have to bear in mind is:that an impulse of predetermined polarity is the signaling impulse andthe impulse of opposite polarity is the clearing impulse. The clearingimpulse also acting as the spacing impulse, and as the last opera tionof the transmitting operator has to be to release the lever of the key,it is obvious that the last impulse transmitted will be the clearing orspacing impulse.

In Fig. 1, I have provided both of the 10- calized circuits with theresistance 50, so as to provide means to prevent the sparking orsticking between the armatures 1 and 2 and their respective contacts 3and 4. The working of this part of my invention is as follows: Thebattery 7 is of a strength sufiicient to energize the electromagnets 10and 11, if their respective armatures rest on their respective contacts,that is, if no other resistance is inserted in the circuit. But if anadditional resistance is placed in the circuit and thisresistance hasthe required value, then the current from the battery 7 is insuflicientto magnetize effectively the electromagnet. In their normal state bothcircuits consist only of the coil of the respective electromagnet andthe respective armature resting on its respective contact and the wirescon necting the same; but as soon as one or the .other of the armaturesleaves this contact,

then the resistance 50 is inserted in series in the circuit and theforce of the battery cannotovercome this resistance for the purpose ofenergizing the electromagnet. In practice, I have found that if each ofthe electromagnets 10 and 11 have about four ohms, one cell suffices tooperate the same provided the armature makes good connection with thecontact and I have also found that if the resistance has a value oftwenty ohms, the strength of the current is not sufficient to energizethis electromagnet. At the normal state, as said above, both circuitsare of equal low resistance. It is now supposed that armature 1 breaksthe contact with 3. The circuit formerly consisting of coil ofelectromagnet 11, part of wire 9, wire 8, battery 7, wire 6, part ofwire 5, armature 1, contact 3 and wire 12, consists now of coil ofelectromagnet 11, part of wire 9, 8, 7, 6, part of wire 5, resistance 50and wire 12; and as the resistance 50 is of a value high enough todecrease the strength of the current sufficiently, it is obvious thatthe greater part of the current will flow through the circuit includingthe armature 2 and contact 4. The balance of these two circuits is,therefore, destroyed and thearmature 14. will be moved towards 10 in thesame manner as if the circuit ,12 would have been entirely broken. Theonly difference is, that instead of the breaking of the circuit, thenecessary resistance to diminish the current is inserted therein. Inpractice, I have found that this arrangement entirely obviates thesparking and sticking.

In one of my experiments, lines of about three million, K. R. (capacitymultiplied by resistance) were operated on, and the entire absence ofthe sparking and sticking of the receiving device was carefully noted.This receiving device, which was tested in the oflice of one of thelargest cable companies in America, was sensitive enough to answer whenplaced in a circuit in conjunction with a Thomsons reflectinggalvanometer; the galvanometer at that instance only showing fivedeflections.

Having now described my invention, what I claim as new and desire tosecure by Letters Patent is:

1, In the relaying of telegraphic impulses impressed upon a line withgreat capacity, two local circuits normally balanced as to each other,two polarized receivers connected to the line, each of said localcircuits including as a part thereof the armature of one of saidreceivers, said armatures being each responsive only to current of apolarity opposite to that required for operating the other, whereby thebalance of said circuits is destroyed, and means associated with saidlocal circuits and actuated by the current of either for translating theimpulses of the line when the balance of the local circuits isdestroyed.

2. In the relaying of telegraphic impulses impressed upon a line withgreat capacity, two local circuits normally balanced as to each otherand each including a stationary contact, two polarized receiversconnected to the line, and in series as to each other, each of saidlocal circuits including as a part thereof the armature of one of saidreceivers, said armatures cooperating withsaid contacts to normallyclose the local circuits, each of said armatures being responsive onlyto current of a polarity opposite to that required for operating theother, whereby the balance of said circuits is destroyed, and meansassociated with said local circuits and actuated by the current ofeither for translating the impulses of the line when the balance of thelocal circuits is destroyed.

3. In a system of telegraphy, the combination with a line oftransmission, of two polarized devices connected to the line and inseries as to each other, each of said devices having a normal or zeroposition, and two local circuits each of which is closed by one of saiddevices when in its zero position,

' one of said devices being responsive to the flow of a positive impulseto change its zero position, and the other responsive to the ow of anegative impulse to change its zero position.

4. In a system of telegraphy, means to receive and translate truereversals, including two local circuits normally of equal resistance,whereby said circuits are balanced as to each other, means forincreasing the resistance of one of said circuits through an impulse ofone polarity, and for increasing the resistance of the other of saidcircuits through an impulse of opposite polarity, and anelectro-magnetic device responsive to the changes of resistance of saidlocal circuits.

' 5. In the relaying of telegraphicimpulses impressed upon a line withgreat capacity, two local circuits normally balanced as to each other,two polarized receivers connected to the line of transmission, astationary contact in each of said local circuits, an

' armature for each of said receivers, each of said circuits includingone of said armatures as a part thereof, said armatures having a normalor zero position in contact with said stationary contacts, whereby saidcircuits are maintained normally in balanced relation to each other,said armatures being re sponsive to impulses of opposite polarity, andan electro-magnetic device associated with said local circuits andactuated by the our- 1 rent of either for translating the impulses ofthe line when the balance or the local circuit is destroyed.

6. The hereindescribed means for relaying true reversals, including tworeceivers for the line of transmission, a local circuit for each of saidreceivers, an armature and a contact included in the circuit of each receiver, the armature, when idle,resting upon said contact and therebyclosing the circuit, and an electro-magnetic device common to both ofsaid local circuits and responsive to the current of each.

7. The hereindescribed means for relaying true reversals, including tworeceivers for the line of transmission, a local circuit for each of saidreceivers, an armature and a contact included in the circuit of eachreceiver, the armature having a normal or zero position in the region ofsaid contact, said receivers being responsive to impulses of oppositepolarity for changing the zero positions of the armatures, and anelectromagnetic device common to both of said local circuits andresponsive to the current of each.

8. In telegraphy, means to relay and translate into readable characterstrue reversals, said means embracing two receivers connected to the lineof transmission, two local circuits, balanced as to each other, saidlocal circuits embracing an electromagnetic device and means associatedwith said two receivers to disturb the balance of said local circuits,whereby said electro-rnagnetic device is caused to operate.

9. In a system of telegraphy, a line of transmission, transmitting andreceiving stations connected by said line, means at the transmittingstation to impress upon the line true reversals, and means at thereceiving station to relay said true reversals and translate the sameinto Morse characters, said means including two polarized receivingdevices connected to the line, two local circuits, each of said circuitsincluding the armature of one of said receiving devices and a contact,said receiving devices being responsive to the flow of current ofopposite polarity, and translating means associated with said localcircuits and influenced by the operation of said re ceiving devices.

' 10. In a system of telegraphy wherein true reversals are impressedupon the line, means to receive and relay said true reversals, including' two receiving instruments connected to each other and the lineof transmission, and each provided with a normal or zero position, alocal circuit for each of said receiving instruments, said circuits eachincluding a stationary contact, and a movable part of one of saidinstruments, said instruments being responsive to the flow of current inthe line of opposite polarity, and a polarized re-- laying ortranslating device associated with said local clrcuits, and responsiveto the ourrent of each when the receiving instruments are operated underthe influence-of the line impulses v 11.. In telegraphy, a line oftransmission, a transmitting device embracing a localized circuit, twosources of current normally in operative relation to said line,polarized electromagnets .for said localized circuit and means to makeoperative one or the other of said sources as to the line through theclosing of the key connected to said localized circuit, in accordancewith the characters to be transmitted; the receiving device embracingtwo polarized relays connected to the line, a zero position for eachrelay, a contact normally connecting with the movable part of saidrelay, a translating device inoperative relation to said relays.

12. In telegraphy, a line of transmission, a transmitting device forsaid line and receiving device for said line, the transmitting deviceprovided with means to impress upon the line true reversals, said meansembracing a localized circuit, means to change the flow of the currentin said circuit, means to automatically limit said flow, electromagneticmeans in said circuit adapted. to make or break the connection ofsources of current to said line, the receiving device embracing twopolarized relays and means operatively related to said relay totranslate the true reversals into readable characters.

13. In a system of telegraphy, wherein true reversals are impressed uponthe line, a transmitting station, a receiving station, and a lineconnecting the said stations, sources of current at the transmittingstation for supplying the line with impulses of opposite polarity, alocal circuit, electro-magnetic means included in said local circuit forimpressing upon the line impulses of opposite polarity, a transmittingkey included in said local circuit, means whereby said electro-magneticmeans are actuated through the manipulation of said key for impressingupon the line evasse impulses of opposite polarity, means independent ofsaid key to limit the duration of said impulses, polarized receivingdevices arranged at the receiving station, local circuits controlled bysaid polarized receiving devices, and means associated with said. localcircuits at the receiving station and adapted to be actuated by thecurrent thereof when the polarized receiving devices are actuated by theline impulses.

1.4. In a system of telegraphy, a line' of transmission, a singlecontact key for impressing upon said line true reversals, and means totranslate and relay said reversals including two polarized receivingdevices, two local circuits controlled by said receiving devices, andnormally balanced as to each other, said local circuits being renderedoperative by impulses of opposite polarity acting upon. said receivingdevices, and means associated with said local circuits and actuated bythe current of either when the balance of the local circuits isdestroyed.

15. In a system of telegraphy, means to transmit true reversals, a pairof polarized devices for receiving said reversals, two local circuitsassociated wlth said receiving devlces and controlled thereby, saidcircuits belng normally balanced as to each other, said polarizedreceiving devices being responsive to current of opposite polarity fordisturbing the balance of said local circuits, means associated withsaid circuits and actuated by the current of each when the balance ofthe circuits is disturbed, and means included in said. local circuits toprevent sparking or sticking ol the operative parts under the influenceof the receiving devices.

In testimony whereof I afliX my signature in presence of two Witnesses.

ISIDOR KITSEE.

Witnesses:

MARY C. SMITH, ALVAH RITTENHoUsE.

